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Quarterly reports and breaking news filings
The 10-K is annual, but the SEC requires public companies to file two other categories of report continuously: the 10-Q (quarterly) and the 8-K (event-driven). Together with the 10-K, these three filings create a structured flow of official corporate disclosure that runs year-round. Knowing which filing covers what — and when each is due — lets you stay current on a company's evolving picture without surprise.
The is filed within 40 days of each fiscal quarter end (45 days for smaller companies). It covers Q1, Q2, and Q3 — fiscal Q4 is rolled into the annual 10-K. The 10-Q contains unaudited financial statements (auditors don't sign quarterlies, only annuals), updated MD&A reflecting that quarter's results, and disclosure of any material changes since the last 10-K. It's shorter than a 10-K (typically 30-80 pages) but is the most current view of the business between annual reports. Hedge funds and active analysts read every 10-Q the day it's filed.
The is filed within 4 business days of a defined 'material event.' The list of triggers is enumerated in Form 8-K and includes: entry into or termination of a material agreement, completion of an acquisition or disposition, results of operations, changes in registrant's certifying accountant, financial restatements, departure of directors or principal officers, and others. The 8-K is the fastest-cadence required disclosure — when material news breaks, it shows up in an 8-K within four business days. Most M&A announcements, CEO/CFO changes, and accounting issues hit the 8-K first.
Quarterly: 10-Q filed within 40 days of Q1, Q2, Q3 close (Q4 is in the 10-K). Annually: 10-K filed within 60-75 days of fiscal year-end depending on company size; proxy statement (DEF 14A) filed before the annual shareholder meeting. Continuously: 8-K filings within 4 business days of any material event. Insider trading: Form 4 filings within 2 business days of any insider purchase or sale. Together these create a near-continuous flow of disclosure. The Filings tab on the platform aggregates all of them in chronological order; SEC EDGAR is the source.
10-K deadlines: 60 days for large accelerated filers ($700M+ public float), 75 days for accelerated filers ($75-700M float), 90 days for non-accelerated filers (under $75M float). 10-Q: 40 days for accelerated/large accelerated, 45 days for non-accelerated. 8-K: 4 business days from the triggering event. Form 4 (insider trades): 2 business days from the trade. NT 10-K and NT 10-Q are 'Notification of Late Filing' forms — when a company tells the SEC it can't meet the deadline. NT filings are themselves a meaningful signal: companies with NT 10-Ks have substantially higher subsequent rates of restatement, going-concern qualifications, and stock-price declines than peers that filed on time.
When a company files Form NT 10-K (or NT 10-Q), it is telling the SEC and the market that it cannot meet the standard filing deadline. The filing requires a stated reason, usually framed in legalese: 'additional time is needed to complete the audit,' 'identification of accounting matters requiring further analysis,' 'material weakness in internal controls.' The reasons matter, but the more powerful signal is the NT filing itself. Empirical research across multiple decades has documented that companies filing NT 10-Ks experience subsequent stock declines averaging 20-50% in the months following, with material rates of restatement, auditor resignation, going-concern qualifications, and SEC enforcement actions. The base rate of these adverse outcomes for NT filers is much higher than the base rate for on-time filers. Famous examples: Enron filed NT 10-Q before its collapse in 2001; Wirecard filed NT before the €1.9B fraud was confirmed in 2020. NT filings should always trigger immediate investigation. Source: academic literature on NT filings (Frankel, Johnson, and Nelson 2002; subsequent work). Reference SEC's Form NT 10-K instructions.
The Filings tab on every stock page shows all 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K, and DEF 14A filings in chronological order with direct links to SEC EDGAR. Each filing is parsed for material events (CEO change, restatement, NT filing, auditor change) and tagged accordingly. The Insider Activity tab tracks Form 4 filings — every insider purchase and sale, with dollar amounts and price levels. The Filings calendar surfaces upcoming earnings dates so you know when to expect the next 10-Q. None of these tools replace reading the source filings, but they make discovery efficient.
Three patterns to know. First, NT filings (covered above) are usually a serious flag and should trigger immediate investigation. Second, an 8-K disclosing 'changes in registrant's certifying accountant' (auditor change) — especially mid-year, especially when the new auditor is materially smaller or less reputable — is often a precursor to accounting issues. Look for the explanatory letter from the predecessor auditor. Third, repeated material 8-Ks in a short window (CEO change, then CFO change, then restatement) is the classic 'unraveling' pattern. The cadence calendar is itself information; deviations from the expected pattern are signal. Most retail investors don't track filing calendars closely; the gap between professionals and amateurs partly lives there.
You can't make a good deal with a bad person. We've never lost money on a deal where we knew the people. But the difference between knowing the people and not knowing the people requires reading the filings — every 10-Q, every 8-K, every Form 4 — and watching what management actually does, not just what they say.